An archive is a collection of historical records, as well as the place they are located.^[1] Archives contain primary source In historiography, a primary source is an artifact, a document, a recording, or other source of information that was created at the time under study. If created by a human source, then a source with direct personal knowledge of the events being described. It serves as an original source of information about the topic. Similar definitions are used documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime.

In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other various material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf, and each side of a leaf is called a page. A book produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book or magazines for which many identical copies exist. This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books. It can mean the collection, the building or room that houses such a collection, with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.^[2]

A person who works in archives is called an archivist An archivist is a professional who assesses, collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value. The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media . As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote, "Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science Archival science is the theory and study of the safe storage, cataloguing and retrieval of documents and items. Emerging from diplomatics, the discipline also is concerned with the circumstances under which the information or item was, and is used as evidence and memory of historical facts and acts. Archival Science also encompasses the study of.

Archivists tend to prefer the term "archives" (with an S) as the correct terminology to serve as both the singular and plural, since "archive," as a noun or a verb, has acquired meanings related to computer science.^[3]

Users and institutions

Historians A historian is an individual who studies and writes about history, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all events in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the, genealogists Genealogy is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral traditions, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives, lawyers A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law." Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social authority, and deliver, demographers, filmmakers Filmmaking is the process of making a film, from an initial story idea or commission, through scriptwriting, shooting, editing, directing and distribution to an audience. Typically, it involves a large number of people, and takes from a few months to several years to complete. Filmmaking takes place all over the world in a huge range of economic,, and others conduct research Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose for applied research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the at archives.^[4] The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other.^[5] There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans. These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created.

Academic

Archives in colleges College is a term most often used today in Ireland and the United States to denote a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution and in other English-speaking countries to refer to a secondary school in private educational systems. More broadly, it can refer to any group of colleagues, such as an electoral college, a College of Arms or the, universities A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books. It can mean the collection, the building or room that houses such a collection,, and duties may be carried out by an archivist An archivist is a professional who assesses, collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value. The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media . As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote, "Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories or a librarian A librarian is an information professional trained in library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials for those with information needs. Typically, librarians work in a public or college library, an elementary or secondary school media center, a library within a business or company, or. Occasionally, history professors may also run a smaller archive.^[6] Academic archives exist to preserve and celebrate the history of their school and academic community.^[7] An academic archive may contain items such as papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some countries/universities, the word thesis or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course, while dissertation is normally applied to a doctorate, whilst, copies. Access to the majority of these archives is by appointment only. Users of academic archives are often graduate students and those wishing to view rare or historical documents for research purposes. Many academic archives work closely with alumni An alumnus , according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is "a graduate (JC) or former student of a school, college, or university". In addition, an alumna (pl. alumnae) is "a female graduate or former student of a school, college, or university". If a group includes more than one gender, even if there is only one male, the relations departments to help raise funds for their library or school.^[8] Because of their library setting, a degree certified by the American Library Association The American Library Association is a non-profit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world, with more than 65,000 members is preferred for employment in an academic archive in the USA.

Business (for profit)

Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business A business is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke . Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in Downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. As of 2008, P&G is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest US company by profit. It is 10th in Fortune's Most Admired Companies, Motorola Motorola, Inc. is an American, multinational, Fortune 100, telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois. It is a manufacturer of wireless telephone handsets, and also designs and sells wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Motorola's home and broadcast network Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. Levi Strauss & Co. is a privately held clothing company known worldwide for its Levi's brand of denim jeans. It was founded in 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Franconia, (Kingdom of Bavaria) to San Francisco, California to open a west coast branch of his brothers' New York dry goods business. Although the company began producing These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history of their companies.^[9] Business archives serve the purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand A brand is the identity of a specific product, service, or business[page needed]. A brand can take many forms, including a name, sign, symbol, color combination or slogan. The word brand began simply as a way to tell one person's cattle from another by means of a hot iron stamp. A legally protected brand name is called a trademark. The word brand by retaining memories of the company's past. Especially in business archives, records management Records management, or RM, is the practice of maintaining the records of an organization from the time they are created up to their eventual disposal. This may include classifying, storing, securing, and destruction of records is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, although some will allow approved visitors by appointment.^[10] Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcomes. In western ethics, integrity is regarded as the quality of having an intuitive sense of honesty and truthfulness in regard to the motivations for one's actions.[citation needed] Integrity can be regarded as the opposite of hypocrisy, of their company, and therefore selective of how their materials may be used.^[11]

Government

Government A government is the organization, or agency through which a political unit exercises its authority, controls and administers public policy, and directs and controls the actions of its members or subjects archives include those run on a local and state level as well as those run by the national (or federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include reporters A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media, genealogists Genealogy is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history. Genealogists use oral traditions, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kinship and pedigrees of its members. The results are often displayed in charts or written as narratives, writers The word is almost synonymous with author, though somebody who writes, for example, a laundry list, could technically be called the writer of the list, but not an author. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images, whether fiction or non-fiction, historians See also: List of historians by area of study, List of historians of the French Revolution, English historians in the Middle Ages, students The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb studēre, meaning "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student could be described as "one who directs zeal at a subject". In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, and people wanting information on the history of their home or region. Many government archives are open to the public and no appointment is required to visit.^[12]

In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration The United States National Archives and Records Administration is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents. NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia Washington, D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the Territory of Columbia until an act of Congress in 1871 effectively merged the City and the and College Park, Maryland College Park is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland, USA. The population was 24,657 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the home of the University of Maryland, College Park, and since 1994 the city has also been home to the "Archives II" facility of the U.S. National Archives, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States.^[13] Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility varies widely.^[14] State A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is or province A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state archives typically require at least a bachelor's degree A bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for four years, but can range from two to six years depending on the region of the world. It may also be the name of a "postgraduate" degree, such as a Bachelor of Civil Law, the Bachelor of Music, or the Bachelor of in history for employment, although some ask for certification by test (government or association) as well.

In the UK the National Archives Categories: National archives | Lists of libraries | Lists of organizations | [2], formerly known as the Public Record Office, is the government archive for England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant and Wales Wales ( /ˈweɪlz/ Welsh: Cymru; pronounced [ˈkəmrɨ] (help·info)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. Wales has a population estimated at three million and is officially bilingual; Welsh and English have equal status, and bilingual signs are the. The National Monuments Record The National Monuments Record is the public archive of English Heritage, located in the National Monuments Record Centre on Kemble Drive in Swindon, formerly the Swindon Works, next door to the National Trust HQ. It holds an archive of over 10 million historic photographs, plans, drawings, reports, records and publications covering England's ^[15] is the public archive of English Heritage English Heritage . is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government with a broad remit of managing the historic built environment of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Simon Thurley has been chief executive since 2002. The National Archives of Scotland [3], located in Edinburgh Edinburgh (pronounced /ˈɛdɪnbɹə/ ( listen), ED-in-brə or ED-in-bə-rə) (Scots: Edinburgh/Embra/Emburrie) (Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland after Glasgow and the seventh-most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council is one of Scotland's 32 local government, serve that country while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland [4] in Belfast Belfast is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city in Ireland and the 15th-largest city in the United Kingdom. It is the main settlement in the province of Ulster. The city of is the government archive for Northern Ireland.

A network of local authority-run record offices and archives exists throughout England, Wales and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national Access 2 Archives [5] programme and online searching across collections is possible.

In France, the Directorate of the Archives of France (Direction des Archives de France) in the Ministry of Culture The Minister of Culture is, in the Government of France, the cabinet member in charge of national museums and monuments; promoting and protecting the arts in France and abroad; and managing the national archives and regional "maisons de culture" (culture centres). The Ministry of Culture is also charged with maintaining the French manages the National Archives (Archives nationales) which possess 364 km. (226 miles) of archives as of 2004 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625, as well as the departmental archives (archives départementales), located in the préfectures There are 100 préfectures in France, one for each département . The official in charge is the prefect . The préfecture is an administration that belongs to the Ministry of the Interior, and is therefore in charge of the delivery of identity cards, driving licenses, passports, residency and work permits for foreigners, vehicle registration, of each of the 100 départements The departments of France and many of its former colonies are administrative divisions. The 100 French departments are grouped into 22 metropolitan and four overseas regions, all of which have identical legal status as integral parts of France. The departments are subdivided into 342 arrondissements, which in turn, are divided into cantons. Each of France, which possess 1,901 km. (1,181 miles) of archives (as of 2004), and also the local city archives, about 600 in total, which possess 449 km. (279 miles) of archives (as of 2004).^[16] Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the Directorate of the Archives of France is the largest in the world.

In India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the the National Archives ^[17] are located in New Delhi.

In Taiwan the National Archives Administration [6] are located in Taipei.

Most intergovernmental organisations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European organisations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence.

Church

The most famous Church Archives is the Vatican Secret Archive. The collections of the Church Archives include Archdioceses, dioceses and parishes archives in the Roman Catholic and Episcopalian Churches and another kinds of archives in the different denominations of the Christian Churches, manuscripts, Church records, local Church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings.

Non-profit

Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and the repositories within foundations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds.^[18] Depending on the funds available, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archives. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, para-professionals, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base.^[19]

Electronic archiving

Archives can take many forms. However when pertaining to specifically databases there are three main forms, described by new media artist Bill Viola; branching, matrix, and schizo.^[20]

Branching

In the branching format one option can potentially lead to numerous other options. Imagine a tree diagram, where multiple branches branch off of one branch. The same rule applies here. We start at a single beginning point then are given choices as to what we wish to see next based on topics.

Matrix

The matrix form is not as linear as the branching form. The matrix structure is like a grid where there is no direct path to follow. An individual has the ability to view any archival information regardless of their previous selection. Thus, it is a non-linear archival structure. The user is only restrained by the amount of content there is to view.

Schizo

Also referred to as the spaghetti style by Bill Viola, schizo is a form of archives that is completely random. The user has no control over what they are capable of experiencing. Information is presented to them without any preordained trend. There is no restriction due to topics but in return the user has no control over the information being presented to them.

Web archiving

The process of collecting data from the world wide web and preserving it in an archive, such as an archive site, for the web user to see. Examples of web archives

• Side bars
• Blogs
• Calendar
• Tag cloud
• News websites

Other

Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.^[21]

Another type of archive is public secrets [7]. This is an interactive testimonial in which women incarcerated in the California State Prison System reveal their stories about what happened to them. The function of the archive is to unfold the stories of the women who want to express themselves and want their stories to be heard. This collection of stories includes the women's direct speeches and also a recording of the women saying their speech.

The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence and meeting minutes.

Etymology

The word archive (pronounced /ˈɑrkaɪv/) is derived from the Greek ἀρχή (arkhē) meaning government or order (compare an-archy, mon-archy). The word originally developed from the Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheion) which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. The adjective formed from archive is archival.

Archives in history

The word "archives" can refer to any organised body of records fixed on media. The management of archives is essential for effective day-to-day organisational decision making, and even for the survival of organisations.^[22] Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as A.D. 625, were created in 1790 during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries.^[23]

Standardization

ISO is currently working on standards.^[24][25]

See also

• Archival informatics
• Archival science
• Archive Fever (book by Jacques Derrida)
• Archivist
• BS 5454
• Collection (museum)
• Computer data storage
• Data proliferation
• Digital preservation
• Greenstone (software)
• Information repository
• Internet Archive
• International Council on Archives
• List of archives
• Manuscript processing
• Preservation (library and archival science)
• Web archiving
• Database

Footnotes

1. ^ "Glossary of Library and Internet Terms". University of South Dakota Library. http://www.usd.edu/library/instruction/glossary.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
2. ^ "A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology". Society of American Archivists. http://www.archivists.org/glossary/term_details.asp?DefinitionKey=156. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
3. ^ "definition of archive". Wiktionary. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/archive. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
4. ^ "What Are Archives?". National Museum of American History. http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/a-1.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
5. ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction" (PDF). The American Archivist 69 (2): 294–309. http://www.archivists.org/a-census/reports/Walch-ACENSUS.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
6. ^ Maher, William J. (1992). The Management of College and University Archives.. Metuchen, New Jersey: Society of American Archivists & The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. http://www.archivists.org/catalog/pubDetail.asp?objectID=185.
7. ^ "Welcome to University Archives and Records Management". Kennesaw State University Archives. http://www.kennesaw.edu/archives/. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
8. ^ "Guidelines for College and University Archives". Society of American Archivists. http://www.archivists.org/governance/guidelines/cu_guidelines.asp. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
9. ^ "Business Archives Council". Business Archives Council. http://www.businessarchivescouncil.org.uk/. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
10. ^ "Directory of Corporate Archives". Hunter Information Management. http://www.hunterinformation.com/corporat.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
11. ^ "Business Archives in North America - Invest in your future: Understand your past". Society of American Archivists. http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/bas/Intro_bus_arch.asp. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
12. ^ "Directions for Change". Libraries and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/about-us/016/index-e.html. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
13. ^ "The National Archives". United States National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
14. ^ "U.S. - State Level Records Repositories: State Libraries, Archives, Genealogical & Historical Societies". Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet. http://www.cyndislist.com/lib-state.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
15. ^ http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1530
16. ^ (French) "Les archives en France". Quid - 2007. http://www.quid.fr/2007/Formalites. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ Creigh, by Dorothy Weyer (1995). A Primer for Local Historical Societies: Revised and Expanded from the First Edition. AltaMira Press. p. 122. http://www.altamirapress.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=%5EDB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0942063120&thepassedurl=%5Bthepassedurl%5D.
19. ^ Whitehill, Walter Muir (1962). "Introduction". Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future. Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Athenaeum. p. 311.
20. ^ Viola, Bill. "Will There Be Condominiums in Data Space?" The New Media Reader. Cambridge: The MIT, 2003. 463-70. Print.
21. ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "A*Census: A Closer Look". The American Archivist 69 (2): 327–348. http://www.archivists.org/a-census. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
22. ^ "Enlightenment". The Experience Festival. http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Archive/id/1917526. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
23. ^ "archive: Definition, Synonyms from". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/archive. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
24. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/NP TS 21547-1 Health informatics -- Secure archiving of electronic health records -- Part 1: Principles and requirements". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=44479. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
25. ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/DIS 11506 Document management applications -- Archiving of electronic data -- Computer output microform (COM) / Computer output laser disc (COLD)". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50565. Retrieved 19 July 2008.

External links

• UNESCO Archives Portal - over 8000 links worldwide
• International Council on Archives
• Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network
• InterPares Project — international project on electronic records
• Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network
• Online-Guide to Archives around the globe
• The Changing World of Records Storage
• Archivopedia - archives wiki
• AIM25 - archives within the UK M25 area.
• British Cartoon Archive associated with the University of Kent
• The Digital Archive of Literacy Narratives
• Banco di San Giorgio - Genova Italy: Archive (1407-1805): nearly 40,000 books catalogued with full description. www.giuseppefelloni.it
• Forward Anywhere
• Public Secret
• R-Shief
• Database as a Sybolic Form -An Essay by Lev Manovitch

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